NIST MONOGRAPH 155 (1999 EDITION), FROM SUNDIALS TO ATOMIC CLOCKS, UNDERSTANDING TIME AND FREQUENCY (MARCH 1999)

NIST MONOGRAPH 155 (1999 EDITION), FROM SUNDIALS TO ATOMIC CLOCKS, UNDERSTANDING TIME AND FREQUENCY (MARCH 1999). It has been two decades since the first edition of this book appeared. Over that time launching artificial satellites has become routine, computers have become household items, digital messages routinely travel between cities and nations by communication satellites and optical fibers, astronomers have identified black holes, and researchers have learned to manipulate individual and small groups of atoms. These changes have had a profound impact on the arts of time keeping and distribution and on our understanding of the nature of time and space. In this new edition I have attempted to deal with these matters, and many others, by introducing six new chapters and by making numerous changes and additions to the chapters from the first edition. In the beginning I imagined this book would be of most use and interest to a general audience. In that regard it offered an eclectic, too eclectic I sometimes thought, introduction to time, timekeeping, and the uses of time, especially in the scientific and technical areas. But as I soon discovered, many of my colleagues referred to the book, on occasion, to brush up on an item here and there. Perhaps this is not surprising. The business of generating, maintaining and applying time and frequency technology is a vast enterprise. Although this second edition does not pretend to give an in-depth, textbook presentation, I hope it still maintains scientific integrity while continuing to be comprehensible to the general reader. Finally, in 1988, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) was renamed the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Where historically appropriate I refer to NBS, otherwise the current designation, NIST, is used. James Jespersen March 1999

NIST TN 1297 (1994 EDITION), GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND EXPRESSING THE UNCERTAINTY OF NIST MEASUREMENT RESULTS

NIST TN 1297 (1994 EDITION), GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND EXPRESSING THE UNCERTAINTY OF NIST MEASUREMENT RESULTS. The previous edition, which was the first, of this National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Technical Note (TN 1297) was initially published in January 1993. A second printing followed shortly thereafter, and in total some 10 000 copies were distributed to individuals at NIST and in both the United States at large and abroad — to metrologists, scientists, engineers, statisticians, and others who are concerned with measurement and the evaluation and expression of the uncertainty of the result of a measurement. On the whole, these individuals gave TN 1297 a very positive reception. We were, of course, pleased that a document intended as a guide to NIST staff was also considered to be of significant value to the international measurement community. Several of the recipients of the 1993 edition of TN 1297 asked us questions concerning some of the points it addressed and some it did not. In view of the nature of the subject of evaluating and expressing measurement uncertainty and the fact that the principles presented in TN 1297 are intended to be applicable to a broad range of measurements, such questions were not at all unexpected. It soon occurred to us that it might be helpful to the current and future users of TN 1297 if the most important of these questions were addressed in a new edition. To this end, we have added to the 1993 edition of TN 1297 a new appendix —Appendix D—which attempts to clarify and give additional guidance on a number of topics, including the use of certain terms such as accuracy and precision. We hope that this new appendix will make this 1994 edition of TN 1297 even more useful than its predecessor. We also took the opportunity provided us by the preparation of a new edition of TN 1297 to make very minor word changes in a few portions of the text. These changes were made in order to recognize the official publication in October 1993 of the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement on which TN 1297 is based (for example, the reference to the Guide was updated); and to bring TN 1297 into full harmony with the Guide (for example, “estimated correction” has been changed to simply “correction,” and “can be asserted to lie” has been changed to “is believed to lie”).

NISTIR 85-3273-19, ENERGY PRICE INDICES AND DISCOUNT FACTORS FOR LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (APR 2004)

NISTIR 85-3273-19, ENERGY PRICE INDICES AND DISCOUNT FACTORS FOR LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (APR 2004) - ANNUAL SUPPLEMENT TO NIST HANDBOOK 135 & NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 709., This is the April 2004 edition of energy price indices and discount factors for performing life-cycle cost analyses of energy and water conservation and renewable energy projects in federal facilities. It will be effective from April 1, 2004 to March 31, 2005. This publication supports the federal lifecycle costing methodology described in 10CFR436A and Circular A-94 by updating the energy price projections and discount factors that are described, explained, and illustrated in NIST Handbook 135 (HB 135, Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program.) It supports private-sector life-cycle cost analysis by updating the energy price indices that are described, explained, and illustrated in NBS Special Publication 709 (SP 709).

NISTIR 85-3273-21, ENERGY PRICE INDICES AND DISCOUNT FACTORS FOR LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (APR 2006)

NISTIR 85-3273-21, ENERGY PRICE INDICES AND DISCOUNT FACTORS FOR LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (APR 2006) - ANNUAL SUPPLEMENT TO NIST HANDBOOK 135 & NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 709., This is the April 2006 edition of energy price indices and discount factors for performing life-cycle cost analyses of energy and water conservation and renewable energy projects in federal facilities. It will be effective from April 1, 2006 to March 31, 2007. This publication supports the federal lifecycle costing methodology described in 10 CFR 436A and OMB Circular A-94 by updating the energy price projections and discount factors that are described, explained, and illustrated in NIST Handbook 135 (HB 135, Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program.) It supports private-sector life-cycle cost analysis by updating the energy price indices that are described, explained, and illustrated in NBS Special Publication 709 (SP 709).

SP 330, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (2001 ED)

NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION SP 330 (2001 ED), THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI). The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Syste`me International d’Unite´s ), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant system used in science, the SI is rapidly becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. In recognition of this fact and the increasing global nature of the marketplace, the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, which changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. industry increase its competitiveness, designates “the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce.” The definitive international reference on the SI is a booklet published by the International Bureau ofWeights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ) and often referred to as the BIPM SI Brochure. Entitled Le Syste`me International d’Unite´s (SI) , the booklet is in French followed by a text in English. This 2001 edition of NIST Special Publication (SP) 330 is the United States version of the English text of the seventh edition of the Brochure (the most current). However, it also incorporates the contents of Supplement 2000: addenda and corrigenda to the 7th edition (1998) [Supple´ment 2000: additions et corrections a` la 7e e´dition (1998)] published by the BIPM in June 2000. The 2001 edition of NIST SP 330 replaces its immediate predecessor, the 1991 edition, which was based on the sixth edition of the BIPM SI Brochure published in 1991.

SP 432, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION NIST TIME AND FREQUENCY SERVICES (2002)

SP 432, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION NIST TIME AND FREQUENCY SERVICES (2002)., (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 432, dated June 1991) The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) maintains the standards for time and frequency for most users in the United States. NIST provides a variety of services designed to deliver time and frequency signals to the people who need them. The signals are broadcast via several mediums, including high and low frequency radio, the Internet, and telephone lines. These signals are used to synchronize millions of clocks everyday, throughout the United States and around the world. This booklet is a guide to NIST Time and Frequency Services. It describes the signals and services offered by NIST, how they work, and how you can use them.

SP 447, NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION WEIGHTS AND MEASURES STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES, A BRIEF HISTORY

NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION SP 447, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES, A BRIEF HISTORY. A historical account is given of the standards of weight and measures of the United States from the time of the American Revolution through the year 1976. Current and historical standards of length and mass now in the possession of the National Bureau of Standards are listed and documented.

SP 672, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, EXPERIMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, W.J. Youden (Reprinted May 1997)

NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION SP 672, EXPERIMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, W.J. Youden (Reprinted May 1997), Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards (NIST). Experimentation and Measurement was written by Dr. W.J . Youden, Applied Mathematics Division, National Bureau of Standards in 1961, and appeared as a VISTAS of SCIENCE book in 1962. The VISTAS of SCIENCE series was developed and produced by the National Science Teachers’ Association. Nearly a quarter of a century after its publication, Experimentation and Measurement still enjoys wide popularity. Dr. Youden was unsurpassed in his skill in communicating sophisticated ideas in simple language. Moreover, he has created ingenious examples based on common everyday measurements in this book. It provides an excellent introduction to the realistic consideration of errors of measurement, and illustrates how statistics can contribute to the design, analysis and interpretation of experiments involving measurement data. The VISTAS of SCIENCE version has been out-of-print for a number of years. The original book has been reproduced in its entirety to preserve its authenticity, and to recognize the contributions of the National Science Teachers’ Association.

SP 800-100, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, INFORMATION SECURITY HANDBOOK: A GUIDE FOR MANAGERS (OCT 2006)

SP 800-100, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION 800-100, INFORMATION SECURITY HANDBOOK: A GUIDE FOR MANAGERS (OCT 2006). This Information Security Handbook provides a broad overview of information security program elements to assist managers in understanding how to establish and implement an information security program. Typically, the organization looks to the program for overall responsibility to ensure the selection and implementation of appropriate security controls and to demonstrate the effectiveness of satisfying their stated security requirements. The topics within this document were selected based on the laws and regulations relevant to information security, including the Clinger-Cohen Act of 1996, the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) of 2002, and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130. The material in this handbook can be referenced for general information on a particular topic or can be used in the decision-making process for developing an information security program. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISTIR) Interagency Report 7298 provides a summary glossary for the basic security terms used throughout this document. While reading this handbook, please consider that the guidance is not specific to a particular agency. Agencies should tailor this guidance according to their security posture and business requirements.

SP 800-12, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SECURITY - THE NIST HANDBOOK

NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION SP 800-12, AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SECURITY - THE NIST HANDBOOK. This handbook provides assistance in securing computer-based resources (including hardware, software, and information) by explaining important concepts, cost considerations, and interrelationships of security controls. It illustrates the benefits of security controls, the major techniques or approaches for each control, and important related considerations.1 The handbook provides a broad overview of computer security to help readers understand their computer security needs and develop a sound approach to the selection of appropriate security controls. It does not describe detailed steps necessary to implement a computer security program, provide detailed implementation procedures for security controls, or give guidance for auditing the security of specific systems. General references are provided at the end of this chapter, and references of "how-to" books and articles are provided at the end of each chapter in Parts II, III and IV. The purpose of this handbook is not to specify requirements but, rather, to discuss the benefits of various computer security controls and situations in which their application may be appropriate. Some requirements for federal systems are noted in the text. This document provides advice and guidance; no penalties are stipulated.

SP 800-30, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS (JULY 2002)

SP 800-30, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION RISK MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS (JULY 2002). Risk is the net negative impact of the exercise of a vulnerability, considering both the probability and the impact of occurrence. Risk management is the process of identifying risk, assessing risk, and taking steps to reduce risk to an acceptable level. This guide provides a foundation for the development of an effective risk management program, containing both the definitions and the practical guidance necessary for assessing and mitigating risks identified within IT systems. The ultimate goal is to help organizations to better manage IT-related mission risks. In addition, this guide provides information on the selection of cost-effective security controls. These controls can be used to mitigate risk for the better protection of mission-critical information and the IT systems that process, store, and carry this information.

SP 800-44 (VER. 2), NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, GUIDELINES ON SECURING PUBLIC WEB SERVERS (SEP 2007).

SP 800-44 (VER. 2), NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, GUIDELINES ON SECURING PUBLIC WEB SERVERS (SEP 2007). The purpose of the Guidelines on Securing Public Web Servers is to recommend security practices for designing, implementing, and operating publicly accessible Web servers, including related network infrastructure issues. Some Federal organizations might need to go beyond these recommendations or adapt them in other ways to meet their unique requirements. While intended as recommendations for Federal departments and agencies, it may be used in the private sector on a voluntary basis. This document may be used by organizations interested in enhancing security on existing and future Web server systems to reduce the number and frequency of Web-related security incidents. This document presents generic principles that apply to all systems.

SP 811, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, GUIDE FOR THE USE OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (1995 ED)

SP 811, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, GUIDE FOR THE USE OF INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) (1995 ED). The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Syste`me International d’Unite´s ), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping United States industry increase its competitiveness in the global marketplace. It also recognized the rapidly expanding use of the SI by amending the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (PL 94-168). In particular, section 5164 (Metric Usage) of PL 100-418 designates the metric system of measurement as the preferred system of weights and measures for United States trade and commerce . . . and requires that each Federal agency, by a date certain and to the extent economically feasible by the end of fiscal year 1992, use the metric system of measurement in its procurements, grants, and other business-related activities, except to the extent that such use is impractical or is likely to cause significant inefficiencies or loss of markets for United States firms . . . In January 1991, the Department of Commerce issued an addition to the Code of Federal Regulations entitled ‘‘Metric Conversion Policy for Federal Agencies,’’ 15 CFR 1170, which removes the voluntary aspect of the conversion to the SI for Federal agencies and gives in detail the policy for that conversion. Executive Order 12770, issued in July 1991, reinforces that policy by providing Presidential authority and direction for the use of the metric system of measurement by Federal agencies and departments.* Because of the importance of the SI to both science and technology, NIST has over the years published documents to assist NIST authors and other users of the SI, especially to inform them of changes in the SI and in SI usage. For example, this second edition of the Guide replaces the first edition prepared by Arthur O. McCoubrey and published in 1991. That edition, in turn, replaced NBS Letter Circular LC 1120 (1979), which was widely distributed in the United States and which was incorporated into the NBS Communications Manual for Scientific, Technical, and Public Information, a manual of instructions issued in 1980 for the preparation of technical publications at NBS.

SP 966, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION, PERIODIC TABLE ATOMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, (SEPT 2003)

SP 966, PERIODIC TABLE ATOMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST) (SEPT 2003). A periodic table, containing NIST critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements [SP 966] was designed as a NIST handout for use at exhibitions and trade shows. The publication of the handout coincided with NIST's centennial celebration in 2001. One side of the handout (shown below) is available online in two formats (PDF & TIFF), and is suitable for high-resolution color printing for desk or wall-chart display. SP 966, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION PERIODIC TABLE ATOMIC PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS (SEPT 2003). For a description of the data, visit physics.nist.gov/data